Lisch nodules (LNs) are the melanocytic hamartomas found in 90% to 100% of adults with NF1 and are the most consistent features of NF1. Lisch nodules are 1 to 2 mm yellowish-brown dome-shaped solid lesions over the iris surface. They are usually multiple, bilateral, and found in all zones of the iris surface. The color …
A Weiss ring is a type of ‘floater‘. These are pieces of debris that float around in the vitreous humor of the eye, which is the gel-like substance that sits inside the eyeball – between the lens and the retina. Floaters are often caused by shrinkage of the vitreous humor, causing tiny specks of collagen-like …
A Vossius ring is a well-circumscribed complete or incomplete ring of pigment deposited on the anterior lens capsule surface, usually as a result of significant blunt eye trauma. e. It has the same diameter as the contracted pupil, and is due to impression of the iris on the lens as a result of the force …
Ophthalmoscopy or Fundoscopy is the visualisation of the retina or fundus. Direct Ophthalmoscope A direct ophthalmoscope is a device that produces an unreversed or upright image of around 15 times magnification. The direct ophthalmoscope is a critical tool used to inspect the back portion of the interior eyeball, which is called the fundus. Examination is usually best …
Mnemonic for Enzymes and Steps in Kreb’s Cycle: Our City Is Kept Safe And Sound From Malice OxaloacetateCitrate synthase Citrate (may leave the mitochondria to enter CITRATE SHUTTLE for fatty acid synthesis)Aconitase (Aconitic acid is a dehydrated citric acid) IsocitrateIsocitrate dehydrogenase (dehydrogenated H+ added to NAD to form NADH & CO2) Major control enzyme (inhibited by …
Kreb’s cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) : High Yield Notes with Mnemonics Read More »
Some important terms related to inheritance and genetics Gene: a functional part of the DNA molecule of a chromosome which directs the synthesis of a specific polypeptide chain. Allele (allelomorph): alternative form of a gene found at the same locus on a pair of homologous chromosomes. Homozygous: the presence of two identical alleles at a particular locus on …
Mendelian Inheritance and Inheritance Patterns : High Yield Notes with Mnemonics Read More »
7 types of Glycogen Storage Diseases Mnemonic:VP CAM HT. This is a pretty lame mnemonic for the order of the disease but this is what I’ve used for years now. If this doesn’t work for you, try this – Very Poor Carbohydrate Affects Muscle and Hepatic Target. Type I – Von Gierke’s disease Type II – Pompe’s disease …
Glycogen Storage Diseases: High Yield Notes and Mnemonics Read More »
Beta-oxidation of Fatty Acids is an important topic for USMLE, NEET, PLAB and medical school exams.Let us learn this important topic in this high yield article. Fatty Acid Activation (Cytoplasm) Before undergoing oxidation, fatty acid must be activated first by conversion into Acyl-CoA by the action of Fatty Acyl-CoA synthase (thiokinase). ATP is converted to AMP (not ADP) …
Beta-oxidation of Fatty Acids : High Yield Notes and Mnemonics Read More »
Competitive, Non-competitive and Uncompetitive Inhibitors is an important topic for USMLE, NEET, PLAB and medical school exams.Let us learn this important topic in this high yield article. Vmax is the maximum velocity, or how fast the enzyme can go at full ‘‘speed.’’ Vmax is reached when all of the enzyme is in the enzyme–substrate complex. …
Competitive, Non-competitive and Uncompetitive Inhibitors : High Yield Notes Read More »
Tyrosinemia is an important topic for USMLE, NEET and medical school exams.Let’s learn tyrosinemia mnemonics in this high-yield article. Tyrosinemia type I (Tyrosinosis/Hepatorenal tyrosinemia): Enzyme defect: FAH (Fumaryl-acetoacetate hydroxylase) Last enzyme in the cycle Cabbage like odor Hepatocellular carcinoma Renal tubular acidosis Peripheral neuropathy 2. Tyrosinemia type II (Oculo-cutaneous/Richner-Hanhart): Enzyme defect: TAT (Tyrosine Amido-Transferase) 1st enzyme in the cycle …
