Orthopaedics

Differences between Locking and Unlocking of Knee

The following table summarises the differences between locking and unlocking of the knee joint. Locking of the knee joint Unlocking of the knee joint Medial rotation of thefemur on tibia duringterminal phase of extension Lateral rotation of thefemur on tibia during initialphase of the flexion It is brought about byquadriceps femoris It is brought about …

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Metatarsal Shapes and their Articulations

The following table summarizes the shapes of the proximal surfaces of the bases of the metatarsals and their articulations. These are sometimes asked in medical school exams and in USMLE, PLAB, NEXT-PG. Metatarsal Shape of the articularsurface Articulation 1st Kidney-shaped Medial cuneiform 2nd Triangular Intermediate cuneiform 3rd Triangular Lateral cuneiform 4th Quadrangular Cuboid 5th Triangular …

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Difference Between Male and Female Hip Bones

The following table summarises the Differences between male and female hip bones Features Female Male Greater sciatic notch Wider (75°) Narrower (< 50°) Ischial spine Not inverted Inverted Ischiopubic ramus Thin and not everted Thick and everted Obturator foramen Triangular Oval Acetabular diameter Less than 5 cm More than 5 cm Distance between the pubic …

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Summary of Thenar and Hypothenar Muscles of Hand

The following table summarises the Origin, insertion, and actions of the thenar and hypothenar muscles of Hand. Muscles Origin Insertion Action Thenar muscles Abductor pollicis brevis • Tubercle of scaphoid• Crest of trapezium• Flexor retinaculum Lateral side of base of the proximalphalanx of thumb Abduction of thumb Flexor pollicis brevis • Superficial head from thedistal …

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Structures passing through Extensor Retinaculum

The Extensor Zone VII (wrist) contains 6 extensor compartments comprising of 6 synovial sheath lined tunnels separated from each other by fibrous sheath. These compartments contain tendons of muscles that pass from forearm to hand. The number of tendons passing through the compartments (radial to ulnar) can be remembered using the mnemonic: 2-2-1-2-1-1. Compartment 1: APL (Abductor …

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Mnemonic for Crystals in Gout and Pseudogout

Remember the properties of crystals in gout and pseudogout using the following mnemonic. Gout vs. pseudo gout: crystal lab findings Pseduogout crystals are Positive birefringent and Polygon shaped. Gout therefore is the negative needle shaped crystals. Also, gout classically strikes great Toe, and its hallmark is Tophi. Hope that mnemonic helped. Got a better mnemonic …

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Mnemonic for Differential Diagnosis for Back Pain

Remember the differential diagnosis for Back Pain using the mnemonic DISK MASS. DISK MASS Degeneration {DJD, Osteoporosis, Spondylosis} Infection {UTI, PID, Potts, Osteo, Prostatitis} +Injury/Fracture, compression fracture Spondylitis, Ankylosing +Spondyloarthropathies {Rheumatoid, Reiters, SLE} Kidney stones/infarction/infection {Pyelonephritis /abscess} Multiple Myeloma, +Metastasis from breast, prostate, lung, thyroid, kidney CA Aneurysm – Abdominal Slipped Disk, Spondylolisthesis, Spinal Stenosis …

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Mnemonic for HLA B27 associated diseases

HLA B27 associated diseases can be remembered using the mnemonic PAIR. Psoriasis/Psoriatic arthritis Ankylosing Spondylitis Inflammatory bowel disease Reiter’s syndrome Another useful mnemonic to remember the subgroups of seronegative spondyloarthritides is: PEARU Mnemonic P: psoriatic arthritis E: enteropathic arthritis (i.e. extraintestinal manifestation of IBD) A: ankylosing spondylitis R: reactive arthritis (Reiter syndrome) U: undifferentiated spondyloarthritis Hope that mnemonic helped. Got a better mnemonic for the same? Let us …

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